■ 






! VfV, I 



■ 









■D 




Glass t1£*> A >7 
Book, tfa /!& 



do 



f/ 



¥11 




m 



STATE OF WASHINGTON 

DEPARTMENT OF STATE 



Bureau of Statistics and Immigration 

I. M. HOWELL, Secretary of State 
Ex-OfBcio Commissioner 



THE LOGGED-OFF LANDS 



OF 



WESTEBN WASHINGTON 



By H. F\ GILES 

Deputy Commissioner 




OLYMPIA, WASH. : 

E. L. Boardman, Public Printer. 

1911. 



AJ> 



■~) 



!K y 









LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



Office of the 
Bureau of Statistics and Immigration. 
Olympia, June 20, 1911. 

Hon. I. M. Howell, Ex-Ofpcio Commissioner. 

Sir — Pursuant to your instructions, I have prepared and 
have the honor to transmit herewith a report dealing with the 
logged-off lands of the western half of this state, with a recom- 
mendation that an edition of 10,000 copies of same be published 
for general distribution in connection with the work of this 

department. 

Respectfully, 

H. F. Giles, 

Deputy Commissioner. 
Approved for publication, July 1, 1911. 
I. M. Howell, 

Ex-Ofpcio Commissioner. 



" J 



Table of Contents 



Page 
Foreword 7 

Introduction 9-18 

Characteristics of region 10 

Climate of Western Washington 11 

Agriculture a leading industry ' . . . . 13 

Transportation 13 

Power development 13 

Urban development 14 

Educational advantages 15 

Scenery and hunting 15 

Methods of clearing land 15 

Climatological table 18 

County groups 19-39 

Whatcom, Skagit, San Juan, and Island 19-23 

Snohomish, King and Pierce 23-26 

Clallam, Jefferson and Kitsap 27-31 

Chehalis, Mason, Thurston, Pacific and Lewis 32-36 

Wahkiakum, Cowlitz, Clarke, Skamania and Klickitat 36-39 

Individual crop reports by the farmers 40-58 

Individual experiences in land clearing, marketing produce, etc. . . 59-63 

County assessors' estimates 64-65 

Concluding statements 66-67 

Table of livestock in Western Washington 68-69 

Incorporated towns and population 70-71 

Secretaries of commercial organizations 70-71 



FOREWORD. 



This publication has been prepared especially for the benefit 
of the outside inquirer, with the hope that it may answer many 
questions concerning the western half of the great State of 
Washington — a state which probably offers to the prospective 
settler greater inducements than does any other equal area of 
the western hemisphere. 

The eastern part of the state has already been fairly well 
covered by the pamphlet, entitled "The Irrigated Lands of the 
State of Washington," recently issued by this department. It 
is felt that these two pamphlets will give a very good idea of 
the agricultural advantages of the state, while the "Population 
Statistics of the State of Washington," just published, will 
show the progress of the past twenty years as manifested by 
the United States census report for 1910. Any of these pam- 
phlets will be mailed on request. 

It is with considerable regret that, owing to the rather 
slender appropriation given this department by the last legis- 
lature, the size of this publication, as originally planned, 
has of necessity been materially diminished; and much 
important data, which could easily have been collected by a 
representative in the field, has had to be neglected; since the 
existing force is far from sufficient to discharge the office duties 
and also gather such statistical information as would be of great 
value in the preparation of a work of this nature. 

The prospective settler will do well to refer to the list of com- 
mercial organizations published herein, and communicate with 
the secretaries in such localities that seem to attract him. Each 
of these will be glad to send further information concerning 
his particular section. 

Due thanks is extended to all persons or organizations that 
have been in any way instrumental in offering aid or courtesy 
to the department in the preparation of this work. 



INTRODUCTION 



With the exception of certain parcels of prairie and river 
bottom land inconsiderable in extent, almost the entire land area 
of western Washington was once covered with a dense timber 
growth. The more important varieties of forest trees repre- 
sented, include the yellow fir, cedar, spruce and hemlock. 

Since the days of its early settlement, lumbering and sub- 
sidiary enterprises have constituted the leading industry of the 
section, and at present Washington outranks all other states in 
the Union in the value of its annual output of lumber and lumber 
products. 

The operations of the loggers began at tide water where the 
giant tree trunks could readily be assembled in rafts and towed 
to the mills. With the growth of the industry, the interior 
country was penetrated, particularly along the courses of the 
larger streams, upon which the logs could be floated in their 
journey to market. Later on, the railroads came, and in addi- 
tion to the service supplied by the great trans-continental sys- 
tems, numerous logging railroads have been constructed for 
the purpose of developing the more distant timbered areas. 

Left in the wake of the timberman are tens of thousands of 
acres of "logged-off" or cut over lands, which are now in process 
of being converted into farms, pastures and orchards. 

It is the purpose of this report to consider the agricultural 
advantages offered by these lands from the standpoint of re- 
sults already accomplished, and to place in the hands of inter- 
ested homeseekers such additional information as will be of serv- 
ice to them in their quest for a location. 



10 Logged-Off Lands 



CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGION. 

The chief physical features of the district under consideration 
include the Olympic mountains, the Puget Sound basin, the 
Cascade mountains, a portion of the Columbia river, and the 
two indentations of the ocean, known respectively as Grays and 
Willapa harbors. 

The Olympic mountains constitute the coast range and pre- 
sent a rough, rugged series of peaks that have proven at once 
the glory and despair of many an ambitious mountain climber. 
These mountains extend in a general north and south line a 
distance of more than one hundred miles, from near the Straits 
of Juan de Fuca, until they are bisected by the valley of the 
Chehalis river. 

Roughly paralleling the Olympics, some ISO miles to the 
eastward, lies the Cascade range, the great natural wall separat- 
ing western from eastern Washington. Numerous mountain 
streams, findings their sources in the summits of the Cascades, 
present remarkable opportunities for power development, as 
yet only partially utilized. The timber and mineral wealth of 
these mountains and their foot hills are also important agencies 
that are contributing largely to the general prosperity of the 
district. 

Between the two mountain ranges, above described, is located 
the great inland sea known as Puget Sound. The shore line of 
this magnificent body of water is more than 2,000 miles in ex- 
tent, and on its borders are located Seattle, the metropolis 
of the state ; Tacoma, Everett, Bellingham, Olympia, Port 
Town send, and other growing communities. Ships of all nations 
load and discharge their cargoes at the various Puget Sound 
ports, and the annual volume of foreign trade registered by the 
federal customs authorities at Port Townsend is in excess of 
$50,000,000.00. 

Willapa and Grays harbors are located on the ocean side of 
the state and each is developing several important and rapidly 
expanding shipping and industrial centers, chief of which are 
Aberdeen, Hoquiam, South Bend and Raymond. 



Western Washington 11 

The Columbia river constitutes about one-third of the south- 
ern boundary of the state. It is open to the commerce of the 
world at its mouth, and steamers of light draft ply its waters 
for hundreds of miles in its course through the state. 

The completion of the Panama canal will have an important 
bearing upon the development of the commercial interests of 
both the country tributary to the Columbia river and the sea- 
ports of the state. The decrease in freight rates from the At- 
lantic coast to the distributing centers of Washington, that will 
follow the opening of the canal, will tend to broaden the trade 
influence of this whole state and contribute largely to the de- 
velopment of all its great manufacturing and agricultural in- 
dustries. 

CLIMATE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON. 

In speaking of the climate of the district under consideration, 
special reference is made to the valleys and lower uplands. 
There is such a wide variety of altitude in western Washington, 
that almost every kind of climate is represented in some section. 
The highly developed districts of this portion of the state, how- 
ever, are confined largely to the shore line of the salt water and 
to the lands of the river valleys, and speaking with special refer- 
ence to these more thickly inhabited portions of the district, it 
may be said that the climate is uniform and equable. There 
are no extremes either of heat or cold. The characteristic 
feature of the winter climate is a heavy rainfall which continues 
for a period of several months. The summer climate is delight- 
ful; the days being for the most part warm and sunny, and the 
nights having invariably a pleasing coolness. By reason of its 
desirable summer climate, western Washington is rapidly at- 
taining a national reputation as a great summer playground. 
The unusually heavy rainfall makes irrigation unnecessary, and 
nearly all crops mature successfully without the aid of an arti- 
ficial water supply. 



Western Washingtoji 13 



AGRICULTURE A LEADING INDUSTRY. 

Conditions of soil and climate in western Washington have 
conspired to make agriculture one of the leading and most im- 
portant industries in which the citizens engage. The abundant 
rainfall mentioned in the foregoing discussion of the climate, 
suggests the adaptability of the district to the dairying indus- 
try. Washington is known from its great timber growth as 
the "Evergreen State," and western Washington may easily 
claim the same title by reason of its evergreen pastures. In 
recent years the dairying industry has attained enormous pro- 
portions, and dairymen have been encouraged by the establish- 
ment of several large milk condensing factories which absorb all 
their surplus products at very favorable prices. It follows 
naturally that hay is a leading crop, and with this may be in- 
cluded potatoes and all other root crops, small and tree fruits, 
and some grain. On the delta lands at the river mouths, oats 
and a soft wheat, suitable for feed, are produced in enormous 
quantities. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

Western Washington being the site of several seaport cities 
is equally well provided with transportation both by rail and 
water. The Northern Pacific, Great Northern and Milwaukee 
systems, Canadian Pacific and the Oregon & Washington Rail- 
road & Navigation Co. all have terminal facilities in the cities 
of Puget Sound, and from these same cities steamship lines pro- 
vide transportation to Alaska, California and to the Orient. 
Huge freighters also sail regularly to and from the great marts 
of Europe. 

POWER DEVELOPMENT. 

Numerous mountain streams, flowing into Puget Sound and 
into the ocean inlets, provide an inexhaustible supply of water 
power which may be readily converted into electric energy. 
The opportunities thus offered have already been seized in many 
places and there is scarcely a village so small but that it is pro- 
vided with electric light and power. This same service is rapidly 



14* Logged-Off Lands 



being extended to the rural sections and many of the farms are 
equipped with up-to-date machinery operated by electricity. 

URBAN DEVELOPMENT. 

The astonishing growth of the cities of western Washington 
during the past decade, as indicated by the recent census re- 
turns, shows something of the market facilities afforded to 
farmers locating in this section. 

The growth of some of the more important of these cities 
during the period mentioned is shown by the following table : 

Population Population Per Cent. 
City. 1910 1900 Increase 

Aberdeen 13,660 3,747 261.3 

Anacortes 4,168 1,476 181.7 

Bellingham 24,298 11,062 119 . 6 

Centralia 7,311 1,600 356.9 

Chehalis 4,507 1,775 153.9 

Everett 24,814 7,838 216.5 

Hoquiam 8,171 2,608 213.3 

Olympia 6,996 3,863 73.3 

Port Townsend 4,181 3,443 21.4 

Puyallup 4,544 1,884 141.2 

Seattle 237,194 80,671 194.2 

Snohomish 3,244 2,101 183 . 8 

South Bend 3,023 711 325 

Tacoma 83,743 37,714 122.4 

Vancouver 9,300 3,126 197.5 

By reason of this great centralization of population, the 
problem of providing food stuffs for the cities of western Wash- 
ington has been forced sharply into prominence. To supply 
food for one-half million city dwellers is a staggering task, and 
when it is understood that a very large proportion, perhaps 
more than one-half of the food consumed in the cities above 
mentioned is brought in by rail and steamers from other states, 
an idea may be formed of the opportunity that awaits the in- 
dustrious and thrifty farmer. In some of the cities, public 
markets are maintained where the producer meets the consumer 
direct and sells his product without reference to any middle 
agent. In this way the farmer secures a fair price for what 
he grows, and the buyer is given the advantage of purchasing 
fresh products direct from the grower at reasonable rates. 



Western Washington 15 



EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. 

The foundation for the public school system in the State of 
Washington has been laid on broad and intelligent lines. The 
state received upon admission to the Union an endowment of 
lands which in time will bring into the public treasury an amount 
not less than fifty millions of dollars. This money constitutes 
a permanent and irreducible fund, no part of the principal of 
which can be expended for any purpose. 

As the lands are sold, the returns are invested in interest- 
bearing securities, and this revenue, which is constantly in- 
creasing, will in time contribute a very large proportion. of the 
annual expenditures for public school purposes. At the present 
time only about one-tenth of these lands have been disposed of, 
and for school purposes an annual tax is levied in the different 
districts which, together with the revenue from the above men- 
tioned source, provides a total sum of $10.00 for each pupil in 
attendance at the public schools. Educational experts, who 
have investigated the school system of this state, are unanimous 
in the verdict that no state offers better or more complete facili- 
ties for the education of its children. 

SCENERY AND HUNTING. 

To its other advantages, western Washington adds the at- 
tractive feature of grand and awe-inspiring scenery. The whole 
section offers an ever-changing view of snow-clad mountains, 
evergreen hills and mountain streams, and the arms of the ocean, 
which reach into the interior, are studded and gemmed with 
hundreds of beautiful islands and with scores of land-lockea 
bays and harbors. 

The woods and mountain slopes afford all manner of sport 
for hunters, while the waters of the mountain streams and the 
salt water inlets abound with all kinds of fish. 

METHODS OF CLEARING LAND. 

As the lands of western Washington come from the hands of 
the loggers, they present a forbidding and difficult problem. 
Many of the giant fir and cedar stumps attain a diameter in 



Western Washington 17 



excess of ten feet, and the task of removing them would appear 
at first sight almost hopeless. Modern science and genius have 
been successfully brought to bear upon the problem, however, 
and it is now merely a question of the investment of so much 
money to clear up and place under cultivation any given area 
of land. Several methods are followed in doing this work. 
Originally the settler attacked the stump with axe and mattock 
and by dint of keeping everlastingly at it succeeded in clearing a 
space sufficient for the family garden. 

As the importance of the problem was realized, other methods 
were devised and authorities differ as to which of these methods 
is the most economical and practical, although every one of 
them claims its list of ardent supporters. A great many favor 
the use of giant powder with which the stump is blown from 
place, the fragments being collected and burned. The donkey 
engine and stump puller are also in common use, and both have 
proven effective in clearing up the land. More recently what is 
known as the "Char Pit System" has come into use, and under 
certain conditions has proven exceptionally satisfactory. This 
method was brought into prominence by Prof. H. W. Sparks, 
superintendent of the Department of Farm Demonstration of 
the Washington State College. In applying this method, the 
bark is first removed from the stump and a ring of kindling 
some six or eight inches thick is then formed around the stump ; 
the kindling is covered with sod and lumps of clay, with the 
exception of a small opening where the fire is applied. When 
the entire circle of kindling is ignited, the opening is likewise 
closed over with sods and the fire is thus driven into the heart 
of the stump. When properly prepared, such a fire will burn 
completely through the stump, and if given some further at- 
tention, will follow the roots of the tree into the ground and 
burn them entirely out — thus leaving the land ready for the 
plow. 

The state college authorities have experimented and compiled 
data upon all of these various methods of land clearing, and 
upon application to the college authorities, full descriptions of 

the different methods will be given together with the cost of each. 
—2 



18 



Logged-Off Lands 



•papa jo aojj 
-D8JIP 8nni«AUd 



:* 






& : : * Js k 

a • '000000000000 



I 



•s£«p 
£pnop -ok 



SSi28fe 



131 



OiOOiOOiftCOcO© 

i^ » w h e-i is h 35 

r-li-(i-IC<)r-li-li-li-l 



cc£ 



s?s 



■sup Apnop 
£\liv<l -ok 



:gS8^ 



^! io cm 



S5S58S888S 



£8 



gSS&SJgS 



•s£Bp 

IT23P •OH 



■«»<Tt<t~^licOrH©© 



•s£vp Au\vi "O^ 






Sfe 



883882S8! 



mB 



'■388883S 



§ 



H 
X 
H 

o § 

h « 

8 I 

&"• 2 
w g 1 

*1 

« I 

<; w 

Q 



•n^jMous 



©ift • ©© 



IB eo 



lOO • i-J HIRtCN 



MOffiNOOO 

©° »> © cm cm' © cj 



•q^uoH 



•j£iqiuoni 



•q^uoK 



'^imuoui 



IOJ IB^Oi 



3 3 3 3 3 "3 3 s 3 

l-S 1-9 l-» ""3 >-S t"5 ►"»•-» •"» 



£bj) 
»"3<! 



333333 33 

•-S I-J *-s t-j Hj r, H, t-3 



33 

t-B»-S 



3 3 

HSHS 



>> >> >> t* >> >> 0. 

3333333 

l~3 ""3 t-S t-s 1-5 Hs h, 



©' d ©' ©' ©' ^ © © ©" 



88 
©'©' 



S883 -8 -U 
©'©©'©' M © ^ © 



©'© 



Pj •©'53888 
© ^ © © © ©* © 



oSowooooo 



o o 



«oo«$oo« 
: fe Jz; S5 fa Q !z; S25 Q 



>*1 
o o 
£0 



o o 



> > > u >" > > 

0000000 



VO © rH in -<* © 
CO ■* in t- CO J> 

t^ ©' rH ©' CM «* 



CO©-*©©-*©-* 
©' © ©'©'©"•* 00 CM* 



38 

t>rn" 



eo © © © t- c»3 1 
00 00 Oi CM 00 CM* < 



OCM ' 



i>00© WOO©©© 

©eocc<ot~©i-H-<»< 



1 in eo to •* r-l 



•sa^'pioaaa 
jo qiSnai 



-«»<ooooio:<3co©<MOom-*f<t~i 



•a^a 



'JS9AVOT; 



•s^Ba 



a a a.o a 

C3 S3 C3 « 03 
*-»•"» t"S 1*41-3 



©Seo©© 



>. >. ^ >. >> 

33 fj-33 

•"3 »"3 < »"3 »"3 



•^saqSiH 



pmuuv 



jo q^3u8T 



in "* 10 1>5 © 

5588S8 



CO CM (M CO t>5 < 



a a a a 3^3 3 

OS 03 03 03 03 « e3 
>-3 "-s 1-5 l-s >-3 ^H Hs 



ineoCMC0<N(MrH3TrHC<l<N<N<N^HC<>(N 
rH <N CM C<l 

3 3* 3* 3* 3* 3*.o' 3*^2 3* 3* 3* 3*^3 3* 6 
O3o3o3o8e3o3«o3a)e3e3o3o3<ue3o3 

HjhSl-sl-sl-sHBpm-slJHI-st-sl-sl-s^l-sl-, 



Ift C<1 00 © CO © C<> 
rH rH i-( r-l i-H CM 



©© -©rH 



s3 :33 

r^r, .r-sh-3 



©10 • ©© 



00 o» in eo eo © cm 



<M (M m rH ■* IO CM 



(3 3 3.Q 3 3 3 
03 03 03 » 03 03 03 
HS t-9 K, rH »"3 r, I-5 



© '©©©?»!©©"©©©© 



333 3333333 

*S»-3'-3-<>-3l-st-3>-st-sl-s 



©t-St^t^&ISooSoo 



>S©"rH©©©"< 



^? ^^ ^^? 3 ^? •*• ^ ^.b 

33333 333333 

t-jl-sl-st-sHsrsl-sl-st-st-sl-s 



8ScSS§888&1^g38 



in •^©oorHeot- •© • -©io •© m©oot-in>oo 



•^aaj «nonBA9ia 



g888fe^g?HS^8g88fe^8rt!r:SS88Sg8S3c?S8^ :^{:S^85 

rH CM lOCMrHrH CO IO ^ CO f- CM © ©CM CM CM CO rH ITS rH © • rH CM rH 



S3 
O O 



: 3 3 -is 



; .3 ; 3 3 

i 3 : 03 

03 CJ 3 ■ 



9 d, 



SS : 
o o . 
r: *i +j cj o q. 

.C ex ex k 
« 03 03x;_, 



6f 

9S 



bug S^^ '"o'fe 

Q 03 <X> C3 03 3 q 



S 
m§5 



a > 

S3 

8 b 

s ~ 

- V 

pqO 






OO 



2 .« 



© « 03 

m 10 o 

r, OJHH 



rt, §.?S 



a 



o& 
fe O M h! h1 1-1 S r5 O O Ph P4 Coc go &o eo ec co &o oc E^ 



w 3 3 

000 

O «J3 



EH>>rH 



Western Washington 19 



NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES. 



The northwesterly portion of the State of Washington con- 
sists of four counties ; Whatcom and Skagit, two of the largest 
counties in the state; and San Juan and Island, two of the 
smallest. These four counties comprise an area of about 4,453 
square miles, possess a population of 86,562 people and an ag- 
gregate total value of all taxable property of $111,526,134.00. 

In point of resources, climate, rainfall, soil, occupations, mar- 
kets, etc., these several counties approach a degree of great 
similarity; while the common interests, due partly to location, 
tend to unite the people still more in their efforts to develop the 
wonderful resources that as yet have been scarcely touched. 

PHYSICAL FEATURES. 

The northern boundary line of Whatcom county coincides 
with the boundary line of the United States, while its southern 
line separates it from Skagit county just to the south. These 
two counties are about the same in width, length and area, al- 
though Whatcom has a much greater population. Both have 
for the western boundary the beautiful waters of Puget Sound ; 
while their eastern limits extend well into the Cascade moun- 
tains, which form a kind of backbone to the entire state. Skagit 
is particularly fortunate in possessing the largest and longest 
river in western Washington. This river, named after the 
county through which it flows, drains a country extending from 
the western slope of the Cascade range clear to the sound, and 
containing thousands of acres of logged-off lands close to well 
developed farms that are famous for their wonderful productive- 
ness. Whatcom county possesses several smaller streams, the 
largest of which is the Nooksack, flowing through quite an ex- 
panse of logged-off area. 

Lying to the west and southwest of the above mentioned 
counties, well out in the straits and extending southward into 
Puget Sound, are many islands, large and small, part of which 



Western Washington 21 



belong to Skagit and Whatcom counties but by far the greater 
number of them forming the counties of Island and San Juan. 
Mountain, valley, stream, and inlet combine with soil and cli- 
mate to make this region one of the most enchanting in the 
world and it will no doubt increase in fame as its beauties be- 
come better known. The largest islands are San Juan, Orcas 
and Lopez in San Juan county, and Whidby and Camano in 
Island. 

RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 

The main resources of this region consist of its vast beds of 
minerals, great forests of timber, innumerable shoals of fish, 
stone and lime quarries, and wonderfully rich soil; offering to 
the settler, besides the splendid agricultural advantages, rare 
opportunities to engage in various kinds of manufacturing, 
lumbering, stock raising, dairying, poultry raising, mining, and 
dozens of other minor occupations. In Skagit county is found 
one of the largest Portland cement factories in the world, which 
gets its supply of lime from the San Juan islands, where an in- 
exhaustible store of this is found. 

LOGGED-OFF LANDS. 

While most of the land in Island county has been logged-off, 
there still remains in the other counties vast areas of standing 
timber, made up chiefly of fir, cedar, spruce, larch and hemlock. 
Many mills established in various parts are rapidly clearing 
these lands of their most marketable timber, leaving them in 
the so-called logged-off condition. Much of this land is among 
the very best in the world and can be purchased at nominal 
prices, often as low as $10 per acre. Once put into shape for 
the plow they will spring into values ranging from $100 to 
$200 per acre, according to location and character of soil. 
Upon these lands, which are within reasonable distance of good 
markets and with excellent transportation facilities, can be 
raised splendid crops that include nearly all varieties of garden 
and farm products known to the temperate zone, chief of which 
are hay, potatoes, oats, and fruits. The fruits include apples, 



22 Logged-Off Lands 



pears, prunes, and all kinds of berries, which are in their element 
here, while some of the lands in the LaConner flats have been 
known to produce as high as 200 bushels of oats to the acre. 
In fact all vegetation in this section is very luxuriant. 

Other products that are rapidly springing into importance 
are rye, wheat, grapes, nuts, honey, flax, and bulbs ; the United 
States government at the present time maintaining near the city 
of Bellingham an experiment bulb farm of about ten acres, the 
present success of which points to this region as an ideal place 
for the further development of this infant industry. 

Too much stress cannot be laid on the poultry and dairying 
through this section and in every county. Cows and chickens 
do not mind stumps, but seem to enjoy the more the jucy grass 
that grows within the shade of these landmarks. For the man 
taking up a farm of logged-off land this industry answers the 
question of what he shall do for a living while he is clearing the 
land for agriculture. Even after he has the land totally cleared 
he will still be lured into the pleasant occupation of caring for 
his cows and chickens, especially when he considers the natural 
adaptability of all western Washington for this industry and 
the splendid price that he gets for all that he can produce. 
Many fortunes have been made this way. 

MARKETS AND TRANSPORTATION. 

The next thing that interests the outside inquirer, after the 
agricultural possibilities, pertains to the marketing facilities. 
One has only to look at the map and see how these large counties 
are well traversed by railroads, including the Great Northern, 
Northern Pacific, Puget Sound & Baker River, as well as many 
spurs and logging roads. These roads bring the smaller towns 
in easy reach of the larger ones, such as Bellingham, Blaine and 
Sumas in Whatcom county, and Anacortes, Mt. Vernon, Sedro 
Woolley and Burlington in Skagit county; besides making it 
possible to reach the other great shipping centers to the south, 
as Everett, Tacoma, and Seattle. Good wagon roads permeate 
all parts, and both county and state are constantly endeavoring 
to build more and to improve those already in existence. 



Western Washington 



Upon the islands the largest towns are Friday Harbor, the 
county seat of San Juan county ; and Coupeville, the county 
seat of Island county. Many steamers plying in all directions 
connect these towns, as well as the other smaller ports on the 
islands, with the various markets on the mainland, so that the 
lack of railroads is scarcely noticed; as any day the products 
of one locality can be shipped to another, either on the islands or 
on the mainland. As for Whidby island it is quite probable that 
it will very shortly be connected by means of a bridge built over 
Deception pass to Fidalgo island, which is already connected by 
rail with the mainland of Skagit county. Of course the ports 
on the mainlands are doubly blessed, having always a choice 
between railroad service or steamboat. 

Finally, there is no doubt that the most particular of man- 
kind is sure to find in this region of mild, equable climate, with 
the inspiring scenery and enchanting waters, together with the 
educational advantages of all kinds, suitable opportunity for 
the complete enjoyment of life in all its many phases. 



SNOHOMISH, KING AND PIERCE COUNTIES. 



The counties of Snohomish, King and Pierce, front on the 
easterly shore of Puget Sound and comprise within their com- 
bined areas one of the most thickly settled and highly developed 
sections of the state. The rugged summits of the Cascade 
mountains constitute their eastern borders. Between the moun- 
tain tops and tidewater, there is found a wide variety of soil 
and climatic conditions, affording the homeseeker a correspond- 
ing range of choice in the matter of selecting a location. 

This district is well watered by rivers and mountain streams, 
including the Stillaguamish, Skykomish, Snohomish, Snoqualmie, 
Cedar, White, Duwamish, Puyallup and Nisqually rivers. The 
alluvial valley lands of all these streams are dotted with well 
kept farms, orchards, truck gardens, and pastures, and the up- 
lands, where the timber has been removed, are also rapidly being 
reduced to a state of cultivation. 




a 

2 



Western Washington 25 

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY. 

Dairying is a leading industry and has proven the avenue to 
success for hundreds of prosperous farmers. There are more 
than 30,000 milch cows in the three counties, constituting about 
one-sixth of the total number in the state. Several large milk 
condenseries absorb the product not otherwise disposed of. 

The more fertile bottom lands are given over quite largely to 
truck gardens, the growers finding a ready market in the cities 
for all they can raise. Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, 
loganberries, and other small fruits give exceptional results and 
all of them are sure and profitable. 

Of late years, many orchards of apples, pears, plums and 
cherries have been developed and horticulture will come into in- 
creasing prominence as time elapses. 

SOILS. 

The soils of the river bottom lands is made up largely of al- 
luvial deposits and in many places is of extraordinary fertility 
and productiveness. 

The soil of the uplands is of glacial origin, and occurs in 
varying depths and of different degrees of fertility. Speaking 
of the rolling hills and ridges of this section, the report of the 
United States Soil Survey, 1910, says in part: 

"The soil, to an average depth of 10 to 15 inches, consists of 
a light-brown to reddish-brown sandy loam, containing a large 
number of small, rounded iron concretions, which weather rapidly 
on being exposed on the surface, often becoming soft enough to 
crush between the fingers. The presence of these small concre- 
tions has given the soil the local name of "shot clay." The soil 
also contains a large amount of rounded gravel varying in size 
from coarse sand particles to pieces 4 and 5 inches in diameter. 
The gravel content of the soil is always large, but there is not a 
sufficient quantity to cause the soil to be classed as a gravelly 
loam, but rather as a sandy loam containing enough gravel to 
influence its texture to a considerable extent. 

"The subsoil consists of a mass of rounded glacial gravel em- 
bedded in a medium to coarse gray sandy loam. The texture of 
the subsoil frequently varies considerably over very limited areas 
owing to the heterogeneous character of the deposits. Gravel, 



26 Logged-Off Lands 



coarse sand, fine sand, or silt, often occur in more or less exten- 
sive beds or pockets or in layers varying from 1 to 5 feet in 
thickness, and sometimes the subsoil has the appearance of being 
stratified. Where the topography is rolling or gently rolling, 
and where small areas are cultivated very intensively, profitable 
yields of potatoes, fruits, and strawberries and other small fruits 
are secured. Where very intensive methods of cultivation are 
practiced this soil has produced large yields of strawberries, and 
on Vashon island it is considered well adapted to the growing of 
this crop. Only a very limited area of this soil is under cultiva- 
tion, the greater proportion being still in the logged-off state, 
while larger areas are still covered by the original forest 
growth." 

POPULATION AND CITIES. 

The total population of the three counties under discussion, 
according to the recent United States census, is 464,659 of 
which 345,751 are found in the cities of Seattle, Tacoma and 
Everett. 

This large urban population is engaged in a great variety of 
industrial and commercial pursuits, and they readily absorb the 
products of the agricultural districts. The local farmers, 
however, are unable to meet the demand, and in consequence, 
the market requirements are met in large part by enormous im- 
portations of vegetables, fruits, eggs, poultry, dressed meats 
and dairy products. 

Well developed systems of highways traverse the district in 
all directions, and in addition to the great trans-continental 
railroads which center in the cities, electric lines reach out into 
the farming sections, affording the very best of transportation 
facilities. 

UNDEVELOPED LANDS. 

Notwithstanding the favorable conditions just noted, there is 
a vast area of undeveloped lands in each of the three counties, 
which is awaiting the coming of industrious men who can ap- 
preciate the opportunity that is presented to them. On ten acres 
of well selected land a family is sure of a comfortable living, anc 
to those who may desire to engage in farming on a large scale, 
every advantage is presented for gaining a substantial com- 
petence. 



Western Washington 27 



CLALLAM, JEFFERSON AND KITSAP COUNTIES, 



Clallam and Jefferson counties occupy the north-half of what 
is known as the Olympic peninsula. Both of these counties have 
an extensive frontage on the Pacific ocean and the northern 
border of Clallam county is formed by the south shore of the 
Straits of Juan de Fuca. 

Kitsap county lies to the east of Jefferson, being separated 
from it by a long inlet known as Hood's canal. The county is 
rather triangular in shape; its eastern border fronting on 
Puget Sound and lying directly west from Seattle and King 
county. These three counties are as yet only partially settled, 
and in their undeveloped condition offer exceptional opportuni- 
ties to the homeseeker. 

INDUSTRIES. 

For many years lumbering has been the chief industry of all 
three counties. This district contains one of the largest and 
most compact bodies of standing timber available in the entire 
country ; this being particularly true of Jefferson and Clallam 
counties. 

Kitsap county was the scene of the earliest logging and lum- 
bering operations in the state, and much of its best timber has 
been already exploited. Some of its lumber mills, however, are 
among the largest in operation anywhere in the country. 

Clallam and Jefferson counties have developed an important 
dairying industry, the logged-off lands being rapidly seeded 
to pasture as the operations of the lumbermen have made them 
available. In the valley of the Dungeness river in Clallam 
county, there is at present one of the most highly productive 
agricultural sections in the state. This particular district was 
settled years ago, and along the valley for miles there is one 
continuous succession of beautiful farms which are in a high 
state of cultivation, indicating something of the possibilities that 
are presented in other portions of this district. 

Kitsap county being favorably located with reference to Seat- 



28 Logged-Off Lands 



tie markets, has developed an important gardening and fruit 
growing industry and with this is coupled poultry raising in 
which a great many of the farmers are engaged. 

The soil of these three counties is particularly well adapted 
to the growing of hay, grains and vegetables, and mangels and 
other root crops suitable for feeding purposes ; and where the 
conditions are favorable, the yields of such crops are enormous. 
In many places the logged-off lands are cleared of the under- 
growth and down timber left by the loggers and seeded to grass 
without removing the stumps. In this way excellent pasturage 
is secured at a nominal expense, and the farmers thus having a 
means of living provided are enabled to take their own time in 
completing the clearing of their land. Small fruits, including 
all kinds of berries, are raised here in abundance and find a 
ready market in the nearby cities. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

With the exception of a few miles of railroad extending south 
from Port Townsend to Quilcene in Jefferson county, there are 
no railroad lines in operation in these counties. The great store 
of undeveloped timber that still remains in them, however, has 
attracted the attention of all the great trans-continental lines 
now having terminals in the large cities on Puget Sound. 

Surveys have been run through the district, and it is a mat- 
ter of only a short time until an era of tremendous railroad build- 
ing activity will be inaugurated throughout this section. Pend- 
ing this work of railroad construction, which may be started at 
any time, there are splendid opportunities offered for securing 
good lands at exceptionally reasonable prices which will greatly 
enhance in value when the railroads begin construction work. 

For the present, the district is dependent almost entirely up- 
on steamers for its transportation facilities. Regular lines of 
boats reach the various ports in the three counties, and afford 
cheap and quick means of communication with all the Sound 
cities. At Bremerton, in Kitsap county, is located the United 
States navy yard of Puget Sound, and at that point there is a 



Western Washington 29 



growing and prosperous little city. On this account Kitsap 
county has an advantage in the way of transportation; swift 
steamers making many trips between Seattle and Bremerton 
each day. 

AGRICULTURAL LANDS. 

Notwithstanding the fact of the great area of timber still 
remaining in this district, there are thousands of acres of log- 
ged-off lands lying in an undeveloped state and ready now to 
be cleared and placed under cultivation. In their raw state 
these lands can be purchased from $20.00 per acre up, depend- 
ing upon the class of soil and their proximity to market. New 
settlers are going on these lands continually, and while the work 
of clearing and rendering them suitable for crop production 
involves a great deal of labor and considerable expense, yet there 
is no need for discouragement as the farmer will soon be more 
than reimbursed for the outlay entailed. Ten acres of this land 
properly cleared and devoted to intensive farming is sufficient 
to keep a family in comfortable circumstances. Poultry raising 
and dairying are two of the most profitable lines of industry in 
which the people engage. The markets of the cities of Puget 
Sound are always clamoring for fresh eggs and butter, and 
there is no possibility for an over-production along these lines. 

OTHER ADVANTAGES. 

In addition to the openings offered throughout this section 
for profitable farming, there is added the attraction of splendid 
scenery with unsurpassed opportunities for hunting and fishing. 
Kitsap county alone has the largest extent of water frontage of 
any county in the state, and Clallam and Jefferson, likewise, 
have scores of miles of salt water shore line. In the valleys and 
uplands are grouse, pheasant and other game birds in abund- 
ance, and among the lofty peaks of the Olympic mountains will 
be found all manner of big game to attract the daring hunter. 

Many summer resorts are located around the lakes and on the 
beaches throughout the district, and hundreds of campers and 
summer residents flock to these localities from the cities. These 
temporary visitors do not come exclusively from the nearby 



Western Washington 31 

commercial centers. The summer climate and opportunities for 
out-of-door sports are widely known and appreciated in all the 
Pacific coast cities and the number of summer residents from 
distant points is increasing annually. 

TOWNS AND CITIES. 

The lack of transportation and the consequently slow de- 
velopment of the district has operated against the building of 
any large commercial centers. Port Townsend, the county seat 
of Jefferson county, is the largest city in the three counties and 
has a population of 4,181 people. It is the official port of entry 
for the Puget Sound customs district, and is a substantially 
built and well-located little city. Port Angeles, the county seat 
of Clallam county, is located on a well protected harbor on the 
Straits of Juan de Fuca. It is the center of an important fish- 
ing industry and is also the shipping point and distributing 
center for a large tributary country. 

Bremerton, already mentioned, is the seat of the United States 
navy yard and is the largest town in Kitsap county. It is a 
thriving little city with excellent prospects for future growth. 
The government expenditures amount to hundreds of thousands 
of dollars annually and to this source of prosperity is added the 
trade of the surrounding section which is being rapidly de- 
veloped. 

SCHOOLS. 

As elsewhere throughout the state, excellent school facilities 
are provided in all of the populated sections of the three coun- 
ties, and for higher educational purposes, the University of 
Washington, located in the city of Seattle, is available. 



Logged-Off Lands 



SOUTHWEST COUNTIES. 



Chehalis, Mason, Thurston, Pacific and Lewis constitute what 
may be termed the upper group of southwest counties. All of 
the counties named have numerous characteristics in common, 
and with the exception of Lewis county, each one has a consid- 
erable length of shore line on the salt water. 

Mason and Thurston counties are located along the southern 
reaches of Puget Sound, which body of water terminates in a 
series of inlets spread out somewhat in fan-shaped fashion. The 
lower lands along these estuaries were long ago cleared of their 
first timber growth, and the lumbermen are now penetrating 
deep into the interior sections of the counties. Considerable 
progress has been made in converting the logged-off lands into 
farms, orchards and dairy ranches, but there still remains 
thousands of acres of such lands ready for clearing and tillage. 

Chehalis and Pacific counties front on the Pacific ocean. 
Grays harbor, in Chehalis county, and Willapa harbor, in Pa- 
cific county, extend their friendly arms to receive the lumber 
carrying vessels which are constantly loading with cargoes 
destined, in large part, for foreign ports. Chehalis county is 
drained by the river of the same name, and the lower valley 
lands are rich and well adapted to every variety of farming. 
The soil of the valley regions is made up of alluvial deposits, 
combined with decayed vegetation, and produces abundantly of 
grass crops, fruits and vegetables. There are extensive cran- 
berry marshes in the county which are being profitably developed. 

The Willapa river is the chief stream of Pacific county, and 
for a distance of more than 30 miles above its mouth the val- 
ley through which it flows is made up of fine farming lands. 
Some of these lands have been cultivated for a great many years 
and the abundant crops annually produced testify to their great 
fertility and productiveness. 

The uplands of recent years have begun to receive more and 
more attention, and under careful management are made to 



Western Washington 33 

return excellent yields of potatoes, rutabagas, grains, berries 
and other products. 

Lewis county lies directly east of Pacific county and south of 
Thurston. It is one of the few land-locked counties of western 
Washington, but that fact has not operated in any particular 
against its rapid development. The Cowlitz and Lewis rivers 
water the county and it is along these streams that the greatest 
agricultural activity has occurred. In general the lands of the 
county divide themselves naturally into bottom lands and up- 
lands as is the case with other sections of western Washington. 
Originally one vast forest which has rapidly been cut away by 
the loggers, the county at present offers a vast and constantly 
increasing area of lands adapted to a wide variety of agricul- 
tural purposes. These lands began coming on the market years 
ago and in the valleys of the two rivers mentioned as also along 
the lesser streams of the county, there will be found hundreds 
of comfortable, well-kept farm homes. 

Hay, oats, and other grains are staple crops from the logged- 
off lands, while berries, orchard fruits, and all kinds of vege- 
tables are grown in abundance. The production of flax for 
fiber purposes is another young industry which promises to be- 
come more important in the future. Three tons can be pro- 
duced per acre and is easily disposed of for $15 per ton to the 
flax mill recently established in Chehalis. 

MARKETS. 

This entire group of counties is well provided with home 
markets for all the various products of their land. The cities 
of Aberdeen and Hoquiam, in Chehalis county, are important 
lumber, milling and shipping centers, having a combined popu- 
lation of 21,831. Pacific county has two thriving towns in Ray- 
mond and South Bend ; and Mason county, in addition to the 
county seat, the town of Shelton, markets its produce in the nu- 
merous logging and lumber camps scattered throughout the 
county. It has easy access by boat to the cities of Tacoma and 
—3 



Western Washington 35 



Olympia. The last named city is at once the county seat of 
Thurston county and the capital of the state, and has a popula- 
tion of 7,000. It is a city of handsome homes, substantial busi- 
ness structures and fine public buildings. The new Temple of 
Justice to house the state supreme court is in the course of con- 
struction, and a capitol building to cost several millions of dol- 
lars has been authorized by an act of the state legislature. In 
Lewis county there are the bustling cities of Centralia and Che- 
halis, both thriving manufacturing and industrial centers and 
constantly demanding the products of the farms and ranches. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

With the exception of Mason county, this section is well pro- 
vided with railroad transportation, and Lewis county is par- 
ticularly well favored in this respect. Its two important cities 
and many of its lesser communities are on the double-tracked 
road of the Northern Pacific line, which, under traffic arrange- 
ments, also carries the trains of the Oregon & Washington and 
Great Northern systems between Seattle and Portland, Oregon. 
Pacific, Chehalis and Thurston counties are all served by branch 
lines of the Northern Pacific system, and others of the great 
trans-continental lines are building into this territory. The 
Northern Pacific main line also passes through Thurston county, 
reaching several of its smaller communities. Mason county has 
several important logging railroads, but is dependent for gen- 
eral transportation upon steamers plying on Puget Sound. 

OPPORTUNITIES. 

This group of counties constitutes the heart of southwestern 
Washington, and is just now undergoing unusual developments. 
Its lands are being opened up and brought on the market for 
settlement and it has before it every promise of future growth 
and prosperity. Good schools and good roads will be found 
wherever the rural districts have been settled up, and in the 
cities, all the modern utilities, such as electric light and power, 
gas, public water systems, street railways, etc., will be found 



36 Logged-Off Lands 



established. There is a wide choice open to the homeseeker who 
is looking for land, and he may make his selection to suit his 
own purposes and financial resources. 



COLUMBIA RIVER SECTION. 



Facing on the expansive Columbia river of historic fame and 
with rich lands extending for over 200 miles along the north 
bank of that wonderful river, lie the five most southerly counties 
of western Washington, viz. : Wahkiakum and Clarke, two of 
the smallest counties in the state; and Cowlitz, Skamania and 
Klickitat, three of the larger. Within this area are some of the 
oldest settlements in the State of Washington, besides Vancouver 
barracks, situated at Vancouver, Clarke county, one of the 
oldest and most beautifully located of the United States mili- 
tary posts. 

Of the total valuation of all taxable property amounting to 
$81,492,751, all except $13,000,000 is in the three counties of 
Clarke, Cowlitz and Klickitat; which counties also contain 
48,856 people, or nearly ninety per cent, of the entire popula- 
tion of 55,028. 

RESOURCES. 

Altogether these several counties contain a total area of 5,411 
square miles, or 3,463,040 acres, including about 226,880 acres 
of improved lands and the remaining 3,000,000 and more con- 
sisting chiefly of uncut timber and unimproved logged-off lands, 
waiting for the energetic worker to finish clearing and awaken 
its fertile soils into prosperous life-sustaining farms. Every 
year the report of the tax commission shows a decrease in the 
amount of timber lands, which indicates a proportionate in- 
crease in the logged-off area. It is only a matter of time when 
these sparsely settled lands are going to support many times 
the population located on them at present, and in a state of 
prosperity and contentment. 



Western Washington 37 



All of this section is exceptionally well drained, as it contains 
many streams which take their source in the hills and mountains 
to the north and northeast ; finding their way into the Columbia 
and Cowlitz rivers in a southwesterly direction. There is plenty 
of rainfall and the climate is diversified enough to suit all, rang- 
ing from a moist, mild climate in the western portion to a dryer 
one in the eastern parts. 

Besides the timber and rich soil, other resources of this sec- 
tion consist of mineral deposits and the Columbia river fishing. 
The new settler who finds it necessary to work for others for a 
time can take his choice of working in the fish canneries, mines, 
saw mills or lumber camps ; or engaging as a farm hand. The 
natural resources are practically indeterminate; for denuding 
the land of its forests simply means the development of its fer- 
tile soil; while the supply of fish, and output of its mines will 
probably be only ended by the termination of time. 

LOGGED-OFF LAND ENTERPRISES. 

Within the parts of the country that have been logged-off 
many different enterprises may be taken up, chief of which are 
dairying and poultry raising. The logged-off lands make ideal 
pasture and many thousands of pounds of butter are produced 
here annually. In 1910, Clarke county alone had 9,070 milch 
cows, which is the fourth largest number for any county in the 
state, the other three being King, Snohomish, and Whatcom, 
all in western Washington. Hogs, too, do especially well ; Klick- 
itat having last year 4,719, or the second largest number for 
any one county in the entire state. Many of these lands also 
afford splendid opportunity for general stock raising. The 
poultry value as equalized by the county boards for the year 
1910 amounted to $35,447, which is only a beginning compared 
with what will be probably raised here in the years to come. 

Besides the agricultural products that are common to most 
parts of western Washington, such as hay, potatoes, oats, etc., 
this section is particularly well adapted to the raising of fruit, 
nuts, and grain. Klickitat will rank with the best in its apple 




*?s; 



o 




\'/'ff|| 






•■> *'**<&* 



Western Washington 39 



and wheat lands, while Clarke is making quite a speciality of 
prunes, English walnuts, and filberts. Cowlitz, too, raises splen- 
did fruits and the soil is very productive of grass for grazing 
as well as for hay. Throughout this section will be found also 
splendid crops of vegetables, berries, and hops. 

TRANSPORTATION AND MARKETS. 

The markets and transportation facilities are exceptionally 
good. Besides having many miles of railroad track, including 
the Great Northern, Northern Pacific, O. R. & N., and the Spo- 
kane, Portland & Seattle, there are about 250 miles of navigable 
river, including the Cowlitz, which carries steamers for many 
miles down to the Columbia, where may be seen many ocean 
vessels on their way to or from the important river ports. On 
the other side of the river is more railroad trackage, which can 
easily be reached by ferries or other river boats plying between 
the various points. 

These many ways of transportation quickly carry all that can 
be produced to the many towns in this section, chief of which 
are Kalama, Kelso and Castle Rock, in Cowlitz county; Van- 
couver, Camas, Yacolt and Washougal, in Clarke county ;, 
Goldendale, White Salmon, in Klickitat county; Skamokawa, 
and Cathlamet, in Wahkiakum county ; and Stevenson, in Ska- 
mania county; while many trains passing in each direction on 
the main lines make it very easy to ship large quantities of the 
main products to the greater markets on the coast or to the 
eastern states. The products are always sold at excellent prices. 

Land in these counties can be purchased at very reasonable 
prices and on easy terms, especially if the purchaser wishes to 
make a home on his land. 

In point of enterprise, educational advantages, etc., the peo- 
ple in this section are not behind the others who make their home 
in western Washington and the inspiration that must surely 
come from the grand scenery of the rivers and mountains makes 
this section a real home for mankind. 



40 Loggcd-Off Lands 



ACTUAL CROPS PRODUCED AND VALUES AS 

ESTIMATED BY THE WORKERS 

THEMSELVES, 



Regarding the actual crops produced and the resulting profits 
from same the following reports from individual owners and 
workers of logged-off lands in different parts of the state will 
give the enquirer a fair and unbiased view. These reports were 
sent on request from this office for conservative estimates of 
what could be done with a few acres of such land. Although 
answers were not received from all, nevertheless it is felt that 
those responding have tried to be as fair as possible in their 
estimates. Very few of these men have land for sale. They are 
farmers who are content to make their living off the products 
of the soil and have no other motive in reporting than a desire 
to accommodate this office and to help, if possible, those on the 
outside who are seeking reliable first-hand information. This 
data is for the year 1910. 

From a study of these experiences the following facts appear: 

1. The tracts vary in size from 10 to 320 acres; in a few 
cases smaller tracts being worked, sometimes even as small as 
two acres. 

2. The income is not always in proportion to the size of 
tract but rather to intensity of farming and choice of crops, as 
well as proper marketing of same. 

3. The character of the soil includes, chiefly, clay and sandy 
loam, as well as some beaver dam and bottom lands. 

4. The chief crops consist of hay, oats, and potatoes ; the 
land producing from two to four tons of hay per acre, from 
two to six tons of potatoes, and from 75 to 125 bushels of oats. 

5. Practically all carry on a successful dairy and poultry 
industry, which in many instances is the main source of income. 

6. As many as one-third raise hogs successfully and obtain 
quite an income therefrom. 



Western Washington 41 

7. Besides the main crops mentioned above the following are 
important and in some sections constitute the chief crop, giv- 
ing splendid incomes to many people : Fruits, including apples, 
pears, plums, prunes, cherries, strawberries, gooseberries, rasp- 
berries, loganberries, etc. ; vegetables, including most of the 
truck common to a temperate climate. 

8. Rarer products which bid fair to become more important 
in the future are flax, kale and corn, as well as honey, turkeys, 
and geese. 

D. Van der Griend, Lynden, Whatcom county; size of tract, 115 
acres; soil, muck. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 30 acres $340 00 

Oats 30 acres 800 00 

Peas 4 acres 120 bu 130 00 



Total $1,270 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 15 cows. — Value dairy products 1,320 00 

Beef, hogs and veal sold 547 00 



Grand total $3,137 00 

B. C. Crabtree, Lynden, Whatcom county; size of tract, 200 acres; 
soil, clay loam. , , 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 75 acres 4,500 bu $2,250 00 

Hay 50 acres 100 tons 1,500 00 

Peas 15 acres 200 bu 275 00 

Wheat 9 acres 280 bu 300 00 

Potatoes 160 bu 120 00 

Orchard 2 acres 50 00 

Garden 1 acre 50 00 

Total $4,545 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 14 Jersey cows. — Value dairy products 1,794 79 

Keeps 100 chickens. — Value poultry products 207 00 

Cattle sold 776 00 

Horses sold 460 00 



Grand total $7,782 79 



4!2 Loggcd-Off Lands 



IIinry Shagren, Lynden, Whatcom county; size of tract, 50 acres; 
clay soil. This land has not been commercially logged-off but was 
cleared by the owner for farming purposes; some of it has been farmed 
for 35 years. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 14 acres 1,030 bu $500 00 

Wheat 6 acres 207 bu 200 00 

Hay 21 acres 60 tons 1,000 00 

Pasture 4 acres 30 00 



Total $1,730 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 3 cows. — Value dairy products 200 00 

Keeps 30 chickens. — Value poultry products 25 00 

Hogs sold 100 00 



Grand total $2,055 00 

C. E. Flixt, Blaine, Whatcom county; size of tract, 40 acres; 20 acres 
under cultivation; soil, sandy loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Potatoes 2Y 2 acres 100 bu $90 00 

Strawberries % acre 150 crates 225 00 

Blackberries iy 2 acres 

Orchard 10 acres 300 boxes 240 00 

Garden truck 100 00 



Total $655 00 

Other sources of revenue: 
Keeps 75 chickens. — Value poultry products 125 00 



Grand total $780 00 

E. C. Hathaway, Lynden, Whatcom county; size of tract, 40 acres; 
soil, clay loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. 

Wheat 2 acres 76 bu 

Oats 5 acres 375 bu 

Vetch hay 4 acres 9 tons 

Hay 10 acres 20 tons .... 

Potatoes V-i acre 2 tons .... 

Mangoes and carrots... y± acre 8 bu 

Total $832 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 2 cows. — Value dairy products 429 92 

Keeps 220 chickens. — Value poultry products 490 53 

Pork and veal sold 50 00 



Value. 


$76 


00 


180 


00 


162 


00 


300 


00 


50 


00 


64 


00 



Grand total $1,802 45 



Western Washington 43 



E. F. Sleeth, Burlington, Skagit county; size of tract, 27 acres; 
sandy loam; part of the land is cleared and the balance is used as 
pasture, the stumps not having been removed. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats for hay 5 acres 15 tons $180 00 

Clover hay 2 acres 6 tons 75 00 

Stock beets y 2 acre 15 tons 120 00 

Potatoes 1 acre 200 sacks 225 00 

Apples 3 acres 240 00 



Total $840 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 8 cows. — Value dairy products 1,000 00 

Keeps 200 chickens. — Value of poultry products 125 00 

Hogs sold 100 00 

Honey 25 00 

Miscellaneous 50 00 



Grand total $2,140 00 

John H. Batcheldor, Monroe, Snohomish county; size of tract, 70 
acres; 50 acres river bottom; mostly sedimentary land; 20 acres bench 
land, some gravel, but mostly light loam; bottom land cleared with 
stumps left; 15 acres of the bench land has not been cleared. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Timothy and clover 15 acres 80 tons $960 00 

Potatoes and vegetables 1 acre 200 00 

Mixed orchard 2 acres 200 00 

Oats used as hay 2 acres 5 tons 75 00 

12 head of calves 132 00 

1 colt 25 00 

Dairy products from 12 cows 600 00 



Grand total $2,192 00 

Henry Buscher, Port Orchard, Kitsap county; size of tract 80 acres; 
soil, black loam and sandy clay. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 30 acres 75 tons $750 00 

Potatoes 1 acre 345 sacks 428 25 



Total $1,178 25 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 1 cow. — Value dairy products 64 68 

Keeps 56 chickens. — Value poultry products 174 57 



Grand total $1,417 50 




id P 



Western Washington 45 

A. J. Schold, Silverdale, Kitsap county; size of tract, 80 acres; al- 
luvial soil. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 30 acres 90 tons hay $1,000 00 

Potatoes % acre 150 bu 75 00 

Berries % acre 35 00 

Apples 1 acre 50 00 



Total $1,160 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 16 cows, mixed breed. — Value dairy products 2,000 00 

Keeps 225 chickens. — Value poultry products 290 22 

Veal sold 90 00 

Hogs sold 30 00 

Beef sold • 25 00 



Value. 


$40 


00 


160 


00 


60 


00 


30 


00 



Grand total $3,595 22 

H. P. Johnson, Orting, Pierce county; size of tract, — ; soil,, shot 
clay and sandy loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. 

Wheat 1% acres 

Hay 8 acres 

Oats 4 acres 

Potatoes Yo acre 

Total $650 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 2 cows. — Value dairy products 

Keeps 50 chickens. — Value poultry products 

50 cords of bolts 

2,000 posts 

Grand total $1,095 00 

J. D. Holdex, Lebam, Pacific county; size of tract, 30 acres; soil, 
black muck on heavy clay and shot loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oat hay 14 acres 40 tons $775 00 

Vetch hay 1 acre 3 tons 60 00 

Rye hay 1 acre 

Wheat for poultry 1 acre 

Clover hay 8 acres 

Kale for cattle y 2 acre 

Cabbage *4 acre 

Potatoes 2 acres 

Orchard and garden truck 



75 


00 


110 


00 


160 


00 


100 


00 



100 


00 


100 


00 


50 


00 


50 


00 


400 


00 


250 


00 



Total $1,880 00 



46 Logged-Off Lands 



Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 16 cows. — Value dairy products $18 00 

Keeps 35 chickens. — Value poultry products 

Wood sold 250 00 

Grand total $2,148 00 

C. H. Nelson, New Kamilche, Mason county; size of tract, 40 acres; 
character of soil, shot clay and loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. 

Mixed grass hay 3 acres 6 tons 

Oats hay % acre iy 2 tons . . 

Vetch % acre 

Potatoes % acre 2 tons 

Apples 

Prunes iy 2 tons. . 

Kale 

Vegetables, plenty for home use and to feed stock. 



Value. 


$96 


00 


30 


00 


30 00 


70 


00 


50 


00 


30 


00 





Total $306 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 4 cows. — Value dairy products 230 00 

Keeps 50 chickens. — Value poultry products 135 00 



Grand total $671 00 

W. S. Taylor, Kamilche, Mason county; size of tract, 100 acres, part 
cleared; soil, black loam and shot clay, mostly bottom land. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 16 acres 1,412 bu $790 72 

Hay 20 acres 80 tons 1,600 00 

Potatoes 1 acre 7 tons 210 00 

Rutabagas 1% acres 30 tons 300 00 

Apples 2 acres 300 bu 180 00 



Total $3,080 72 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 16 cows. — Value dairy products 800 00 

Keeps 30 chickens. — Value poultry products 119 00 

Beef, hogs and horses sold 619 00 



Grand total $4,618 72 



Western Washington 47 



Lewis Osborne, Olympia, Thurston county; size of tract, 38 acres; 
sand and clay soil. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 12 acres 25 tons $450 00 

Fruits iy 2 acres 100 boxes 75 00 

Potatoes 1 acre 3 tons 75 00 

Onions % acre 1,200 lbs 25 00 



120 


20 


95 


00 


335 


00 


150 


00 



Total $625 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 2 cows. — Value of dairy products 

Keeps 50 chickens. — Value poultry products 

Sold 1 pair horses 

Sold 3 cows 

Grand total $1,325 20 

, Olympia, Thurston county; size of tract, 16 acres; 

shot clay soil. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Clover 4 acres 16 tons(2 crops) $192 00 

Potatoes 3 acres 15 tons 

Apples and prunes 2 acres 

Oats 5 acres Z~y 2 tons. . 

Straw from above 7 tons .... 

Wheat 2 acres 2 tons 

Wheat straw 3 tons 

Total $862 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 16 grade Jersey cows. — Value dairy products 700 00 

Keeps 30 chickens, family use. — Value poultry products 

Hogs and pork sold 200 00 

Veal sold 100 00 

Beef sold 120 00 



330 


00 


120 


00 


100 


00 


35 


00 


70 


00 


15 


00 



Grand total $1,982 00 

Theodore Harms, Salkum, Lewis county; size of tract, 240 acres; 
this is bottom land and not heavily timbered, 80 acres cleared. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 1,700 bu 

Potatoes 150 bu. 

Hay 60 tons 

Artichokes 1,000 bu 

Keeps 14 cows. — Value cream sold $803 14 

Stock sold 906 97 



48 Logged-Off Lands 



Chas. Ipe, R. F. D. 1, Centralia, Lewis county; size of tract, 16 
acres; soil, sandy clay, to depth of 8 feet, underlaid with gravel. Orig- 
inally covered with vine maple, fir and cedar; some stumps 6 and 8 
feet thick. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Timothy hay 4y 2 acres 14 tons $262 00 

Oat hay 4% acres 14 tons 224 00 

Potatoes, garden truck. . 1 acre 300 00 

Berries and fruit 1 acre 150 00 



Total $936 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 1 grade Jersey cow. — Value dairy products 75 00 

Keeps 30 chickens. — Value poultry products 40 00 

150 pounds honey 22 50 

1 colt sold 100 00 

Earned at carpenter work 645 00 



Grand total $1,818 50 



Henry Dupertuis, Jr., Adna, Lewis county; size of tract, 17 acres; 
soil, shot clay. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. 

Oat hay 10 acres 2y 2 tons. . 

Apples % acre 20 bu 

Strawberries % acre 35 crates.. 

Raspberries *4 acre 40 crates. . 

Loganberries *4 acre 40 crates.. 

Blackberries 24 hills 15 crates. . 

Kale % acre 10 tons .... 

Potatoes % acre 100 bu 

Wheat 1 acre 35 bu 



Value. 


$37 


50 


20 


00 


50 


00 


50 


00 


50 


00 


20 


00 


25 


00 


60 


00 


35 


00 



Total $347 50 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 9 cows. — Value dairy products 400 00 

Keeps 40 chickens. — Value poultry products 150 00 

Wood sold at $3.00 per cord 130 00 

Mohair 28 00 



Grand total $1,055 50 



Western Washington 4£> 



John W. McCuctheon, Adna, Lewis county; size of tract, 168 acres; 
soil, clay loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 25 acres 1,250 bu $625 00 

Clover 11 acres 22 tons 320 00 

Timothy hay 8 acres 16 tons 250 00 

Pasture 124 acres. . .enough for 50 cattle 300 00 

Apples 1 acre 20 00 

Vegetable garden V-i acre t . . . 20 00 



Total $1,535 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 25 cows. — Value of dairy products 1,200 00 

Keeps 75 chickens. — Value of eggs sold 180 00 

Keeps 5 turkeys. 

Beef cattle 200 00 

Veal 100 00 



Grand total $3,215 00 

Johx Kilkelly, Kalania, Cowlitz county; 200 acres; dark loam. 
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 30 acres 60 tons $720 00 

Potatoes 1 acre 60 sacks 50 00 

Other vegetables 30 00 



Total $810 00 

Other sources of revenue: 
Keeps 15 cows. — Value of dairy products 600 00 



Grand total $1,410 00 

D. F. Hammell, Castle Rock, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 60 acres; 
clay soil; 18 acres cleared; 18 acres slashed and seeded to pasture; 24 
acres brush land. General products for 1910: 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 7 acres 10 tons $150 00 

Potatoes 5 acres 250 sacks 450 00 

Corn 1 acre Fed green 50 00 

Strawberries (1st crop) 1 - 2 acre 50 crates 75 00 

Tree fruits (80 trees) 50 boxes 25 00 



Total $750 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Dairy products ( 2 cows) 60 00 

Poultry products (30 chickens) 15 00 

Hogs (16 head sold) 150 00 



Grand total $975 00 




o 



Western Washington 51 

S. F. Murray, Yale, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 102 acres; black 
soil. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. 

Oats 40 acres 2,400 bu 

Hay 15 acres 30 tons 

Potatoes 3 acres 600 bu 

Garden iy 2 acres 

Prunes (500 trees) 10,000 lbs 

Apples ( 50 trees) 500 bu 

Total $2,005 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 4 cows, common breed. — Value of dairy products 150 00 

Keeps 100 chickens, 15 geese. — Value of poultry products.... 205 00 

1 cow • 50 00 

1 calf 35 00 



Value. 


$1,200 


00 


450 


00 


360 


00 


100 


00 


600 


00 


375 


00 



Grand total $2,445 00 

A. B. Newkirk, Woodland, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 131 acres; 
mostly unimproved; soil, clay loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 3 acres 180 bu $145 00 

Wheat 4 acres 100 bu 120 00 

Hay 11 acres 33 tons 495 00 

Potatoes % acre 20 bu 125 00 

Apples 2 acres 1,500 boxes 1,125 00 

Cherries (12 trees) 500 lbs 30 00 



Total $2,040 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 211 chickens. — Value of poultry products sold 46 00 

16 cedar poles sold 12 00 

1 hog 22 00 



Grand total $2,120 00 

J. A. Polly, Ariel, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 15 acres; soil of a 
shotty surface with clay subsoil. General products for 1910: 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Wheat y 2 acre 15 bu $12 00 

Oats 3 acres 125 buj 

Hay 9 acres 16 tons 

Potatoes y 2 acre 40 sacks . . . 

Green beans 250 lbs 

Green corn 55 doz 

Apples \ ( 200 boxes. . 

Pears v 1 acre . -j 

Prunes ) I 



50 


00 


240 


00 


40 


00 


12 


00 


6 


50 


100 


00 


4 


25 


2 


80 



Total $467 55 



52 Logged-Off Lands 



Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 40 chickens. — Value of poultry products sold $83 56 

Employed 85 days away from home at $3.00 255 00 



Grand total $806 11 

Mr. Polly reports that there is plenty of work at good wages for 
those who desire it. 

H. Yount, Woodland, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 12 acres; soil, 
heavy clay; high, hilly land and very rough. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Strawberries 1% acres 305 crates $390 40 

Loganberries % acre 52 crates 78 00 

Rhubarb 1-10 acre 17 60 



Total $486 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 2 cows. — Value dairy products 260 09 

Plants, potatoes, etc 233 80 



Grand total $979 89 

Anton Gresz, Washougal, Clarke county; size of tract, 60 acres; 
40 acres of upland and 20 acres of bottom land; upland is dark, sandy 
soil. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 15 acres 1,050 bu $480 00 

Wheat 2 acres 70 bu 70 00 

Corn 1 acre 75 bu 45 30 

Potatoes 2 acres 300 bu 187 50 

Hay 15 acres 45 tons 900 00 

Prunes (32 trees) 1,100 lbs 110 00 

Apples l 1 /^ acres Home use 

Pumpkins 2 acres Fed to stock 



Total $1,792 80 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 22 cows. — Value dairy products 2,200 00 

Keeps 80 chickens. — Value poultry products 75 00 



Grand total $4,067 80 

Albert Goot, Washougal, Clarke county; size of tract, 120 acres; 
soil is sandy bottom land and very fertile. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 20 acres 900 bu $480 00 

Timothy hay 30 acres 65 tons 1,300 00 

Clover 15 acres 40 tons 550 00 



Total $2,330 00 



Western Washington 53 



Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 25 cows. — Value dairy products $3,000 00 

Keeps 75 chickens. — Value poultry products 165 00 

5 acres prunes 1,000 00 

Grand total $6,495 00 

Fred Luthy, Washougal, Clarke county; size of tract, 134 acres; 
soil, clay and sand. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Potatoes 1 acre 120 bu $100 00 

Wheat 7 acres 140 bu 110 00 

Oats 15 acres 500 bu 200 00 

Timothy hay 8 acres 12 tons 100 00 

Clover 15 acres 40 tons 320 00 

Corn 8 acres 40 tons silage. . 200 00 



Total $830 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 10 cows. — Value dairy products 600 00 

Value poultry products 180 00 

Hogs sold 150 00 



Grand total $1,760 00 

O. B. Aagaard, LaCenter, Clarke county; size of tract, 160 acres; 
35 acres cleared for plow; soil, dark loamy top soil, then a lighter sub- 
soil, and underneath this a red, porus hardpan. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 11 acres 830 bu $398 00 

Wheat Sy 2 acres 154 bu 

Potatoes 1 acre 300 bu 

Hay, clover and timothy 15 acres 45 tons. . . . 

Green corn y 2 acre 

Prunes (Italian) 2y 2 acres 5 tons dried.. 

Garden truck, berries . . y 2 acre 

Apples, pears, cherries and plums 

Total $1,779 00 

Otis S. Gillette, Vesta, Chehalis county; size of tract, 14 acres; 

soil, 12 acres alluvial bottom land; 2 acres shot clay, mixed slightly 
with sand. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 3 y 2 acres 8 tons $160 00 

Oats and field peas 4y 2 acres, 4 tons grain, 2 tons straw 160 00 

General garden 1 acre 100 00 



231 


00 


150 


00 


450 


00 


50 


00 


400 


00 


50 


00 


50 


00 



Total $420 00 



54 Logged-Off Lands 



Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 2 Jersey cows. — Value dairy products $250 63 

Keeps 125 chickens. — Value poultry products 494 25 

Other products 189 00 

Hauling freight 87 50 

Grand total $1,441 38 

I. H. Bower, Aberdeen, Chehalis county; size of tract, 2 acres, 
cleared; soil, clay hill land. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Potatoes y 2 acre 300 bu $400 00 

Peas % acre 1,400 lbs 100 00 

Berries y s acre 20 crates 40 00 

Vegetables 25 00 



Total $565 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 3 cows. — Value dairy products 600 00 

Keeps 250 chickens. — Value poultry products 600 00 



Grand total $1,765 00 

Albert Grossman, Ocosta, Chehalis county; size of tract, 5 city 
blocks; soil, tideland (heavy ground, highland light and easy to work. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Clover and timothy 6 acres 15 tons $300 00 

Potatoes % acre 5,000 lbs 75 00 

Oats 2 acres 6 tons 120 00 

Raspberries (5 rows 10 ft. long) 300 qts 30 00 



Total $525 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 10 cows. — Value dairy products 500 00 

2 pigs sold 45 00 

7 calves sold 140 00 



Grand total $1,210 00 

G. M. Powell, Aberdeen, Chehalis county; size of tract, 400 acres; 
soil, clay. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Clover (1st crop) 2 acres 3 tons $120 00 

Clover (2nd crop) 2 acres 3 tons 60 00 

Oats 3 acres 10 tons hay 250 00 

Potatoes 2 acres 300 sacks 400 00 



Total $830 00 



Western Washington 55 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 7 cows. — Value dairy products $350 00 

Hogs and beef sold 811 00 



Grand total $1,991 00 

Fra>"k McCormick, Monroe, Snohomish county; size of tract, 120 
acres; soil, black loam with sand and gravel mixed. , 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Red clover 2 acres 7% tons $174 00 

Oat hay 3% acres 6% tons 97 50 

Potatoes 1 acre 211 sacks 168 80 



Total $440 30 

Other sources of revenue: 
Keeps 5 cows. — Value dairy products 347 00 



Grand total $787 30 

J. Swaetz, Granite Falls, Snohomish county; size of tract, 12 acres, 
cleared; soil, sandy loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. 

Potatoes iy 2 acres 170 sacks. . . 

Garden truck y 2 acre 

Clover 4 acres 8 tons .... 

Timothy 2 acres 3% tons . . 



Yalui 


5. 


$250 00 


160 


00 


120 


00 


42 


00 



275 


00 


240 


00 


90 


00 


75 


00 



Total $572 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 3 cows. — Value dairy products 

Keeps 125 chickens. — Value poultry products 

Hogs sold 

Fruits 

Grand total $1,252 00 

James V. J. Forrest, Granite Falls, Snohomish county; size of tract, 
80 acres; hill and creek bottom land; 6 acres under cultivation. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 3 acres 5 tons $60 00 

Oat hay 1 acre 3 tons 60 00 

Orchard iy 2 acres 100 boxes 100 00 

Garden % acre 10 00 



Total $230 00 



Western Washington 57 



Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 2 cows. — Value dairy products $132 42 

Keeps 35 chickens. — Value poultry products 33 85 

Hogs sold 41 49 

Running school stage 467 70 

Other team work 15 30 

Grand total $920 76 



C. Carpenter, Granite Falls, Snohomish county; size of tract, 35 
acres; soil, part beaver marsh and part clay soil. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 8 acres 20 tons $300 00 

Rutabagas 1 acre 10 tons 125 00 

Potatoes y 2 acre 2 tons 50 00 

Garden truck 50 00 



Total $525 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 8 cows. — Value dairy products 1,001 98 

Veal, hogs, beef and hides sold 285 87 



Grand total $1,812 85 



W. Melxe, Granite Falls, Snohomish county; size of tract, 160 acres; 
15 acres under cultivation; soil, bench land. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Rutabagas 5 acres 125 tons $1,875 00 

Clover hay 2 acres 6 tons 60 00 

Oat hay 5 acres 15 tons 150 00 

Garden truck 100 00 



Total $2,185 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 7 cows. — Value dairy products 643 65 

Keeps 400 chickens. — Value poultry products 600 25 

Sheep sold 149 75 

Pigs sold 162 19 

Cattle sold 190 00 



Grand total $3,930 84 



58 Logged-Off Lands 



M. C. Martin, White Salmon, Klickitat county; size of tract, 10 
acres; soil is a sandy loam. Products for 1910: 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Strawberries 8 acres 800 crates $2,000 00 

Peaches iy 2 acres 350 boxes 400 00 

Apples (3, 4 and 5 yr. old) 4 acres 140 boxes 350 00 

Vegetables y 8 acre 40 sacks 50 00 

Gooseberries 17 00 



Total $2,817 00 

Keeps one cow and raises orchard and small fruits for family use in 
addition to quantity sold. 

John Clarkson, White Salmon, Klickitat county; size of tract, 115 
acres; soil, red shot. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Strawberries 10 acres $1,500 00 

Peaches (on same tract) 800 boxes 320 00 

Three-year-old apple orchard, not in bearing 



Grand total $1,820 00 

A. E. Bartel, Kamilche, Mason county; size of tract, 160 acres; 40 
acres in cultivation; soil, black loam and shot clay. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 16 acres 1,200 bu $720 00 

Hay 15 acres 40 tons 

Wheat 2 acres 60 bu 

Potatoes 2 acres 9 tons .... 

Carrots 2 acres 30 tons .... 

Kale 1 acre 

Apples 1 acre 200 boxes . . 

Pears (10 trees) 150 boxes. . 

Cherries (4 trees) 200 lbs 

Plums and prunes (8 trees) 1,000 lbs 

Total $2,461 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 8 cows, Durham and Jersey. — Value of dairy products. 400 00 

Keeps 100 chickens. — Value poultry products 210 00 

Horses sold 265 00 

Hogs sold 100 00 



800 


00 


63 


00 


270 


00 


300 


00 


50 


00 


120 


00 


112 


00 


6 


00 


20 


00 



Grand total $3,436 00 



Western Washington 59 



CLEARING LAND, MARKETING PRODUCTS, ETC 



The following extracts from individual experiences will give 
the reader a fair idea of the cost of land clearing, size of tracts, 
marketing facilities, etc. 

There are three general conditions in which unimproved lands 
are found: (1) The thoroughly timbered stage, or the primeval 
forest, which is the joy of the lumberman; (2) the logged or 
burnt-off stage, when the marketable timber has been removed, 
but with much underbrush, small trees, stumps, etc., remaining; 
(3) the condition in which all is cleared, excepting the stumps. 
The second stage shades off into the third, producing many 
degrees of condition. Generally, it is not very difficult to clear 
of everything but stumps, when most of the land makes excel- 
lent pasture. 

Clearing of stumps is by far the greatest expense, but if the 
char-pit system, used by several of these men, and briefly 
described in the introduction, does anything like what is claimed 
for it, and there is every reason to believe that it will, then the 
problem of getting land ready for the plow has been wonder- 
fully simplified and the expense reduced at least 50 per cent. 

Hogan Anderson, Napavine, Lewis county; size of tract, 160 acres; 
about 20 acres under cultivation: 

"I consider good logged-off land as good as any land and will pro- 
duce very good crops of anything suitable for this climate. I have 
raised as nice strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries, etc., as I ever 
saw anywhere." 

Chas. A. Fbasieb, Yale, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 320 acres; 60 
acres under cultivation: 

"A tract of ten acres will support a family. The most profitable 
crops would be hay, potatoes and fruit. Stock raising is also profitable. 
I believe this to be one of the richest valleys in the state and one which 
is in its infancy. Some might think that $100 per acre is a big price 
for land after it is cleared but I feel safe in saying that this land is 
worth five times that price." 

J. E. Johnson, Monroe, Washington; size of tract, 20 acres: 
"A ten-acre tract will support a family if it is well worked to grow 
roots and potatoes. The raising of hogs and poultry is profitable; cat- 



60 Logged-Off Lands 



tie pays well. Hay grows well and any one can cut the third crop, 
that is, clover hay. Oats do well, an acre yielding from 75 to 120 
bushels. Strawberries produce a good crop. An easy and profitable 
way to get the stumps out is to 'chard' them out, for I tried it myself. 
Use no powder or chemical. Just put a fire around and cover up like 
a coal pit." 

Fred Ferris, Matlock, Mason county; size of tract, 20 acres: 
"My family consists of seven, and I make a living from 20 acres, 
only half cleared. There is plenty of logged-off land to be had here 
at reasonable figures. This land is burnt over and can be easily made 
to produce pastures and hay for stock and dairy business; it is ac- 
cessible to creameries and slaughter houses at Shelton, Montesano, 
Elma and other places. There are thousands of acres of finest bee 
pasture, the honey crop here last year was immense." 

N. P. Sorensen, Bellingham, Whatcom county; size of tract 100 
acres : 

"In this locality the cost of clearing land is from $50 to $100 per 
acre. Twenty acres, if stocked with good cows, will support any or- 
dinary family." 

A. S. Caton, Olympia, Thurston county; size of tract, 60 acres: 

"I have grown ten and one-half tons of spuds on an acre of shot 

clay; ten acres can be made to support a family with everything they 

need. We are especially adapted to small fruits, pears and cherries. 

Western Washington will be the commercial pear district in America. 

By planting the late French varieties it is possible to realize from 

$500 to $2,000 per acre per crop." 

T. K. Robe, Granite Falls: 

"I think I will be able to demonstrate that good wages can be made 
on five acres with chickens and ten acres with cows. I have 1,500 hens 
and am building an up-to-date incubator room and brooder house. One 
hundred hens last year averaged $24 per month. There are good mar- 
kets, good roads, and plenty of work. Land sells from $25 to $300 per 
acre, much of it requiring nothing down in payment, particularly the 
cheaper lands." 

J. E. Slade, Operator, Husum, Klickitat county; size of tract, 100 
acres; 53 acres in orchard: 

"Since coming here I have cleared three acres, which cost me $30 
per acre; four acres which cost $40 per acre, and 17 acres which cost 
$85 per acre; clearing is done by powder or stump puller. Five acres 
of bearing orchard should support a family in more than average 
comfort. For transportation, the O.-W. R. & N. Co., the S., P. & S. Rail- 
way Co., and the Columbia river boats. Our apple growers union ship- 
ped 22 cars of first-grade apples to New York City in 1910. We have 
irrigating water available for the whole valley, but do not practice 
irrigation except for hay and gardens." 



Western Washington 61 

J. B. Caeey, White Salmon, Klickitat county; 300 acres: 

"I use two Faultless stump pullers. Cost of clearing brush lands, 
including slashing and plowing is about $75; cost of clearing second- 
growth fir trees, including slashing, logging, plowing, $100; cost of 
clearing heavy timber, including logging, plowing, slashing, $125. 
Wouldn't advise anyone trying less than 20 acres, as it would cost 
practically as much to maintain 10 acres as a 20-acre tract. There 
is an unlimited demand for the long-keeping qualities of non-irrigated 
apples which grow to the highest perfection in the White Salmon 
country." 

A. W. McCoemick: 

"During the summer of 1910, I had nearly 200 stumps removed 
from my land, paying the man who did the work 50c per stump. He 
kept tab on the time spent, and had he worked 10 hours per day and 
received a salary of $2.50 per day, the work would have cost me a 
fraction less than 23c per stump. Char-pitting is certainly the poor 
man's way to clear land. However, it does not work successfully in 
sandy soil." 

Pekry Pennoyeb, Aberdeen, Chehalis county: 

"For river bottom land about $50 per acre for clearing and $75 for 
upland, for immediate use. But considerable less by the usual method 
of use and clearing at the same time; requiring about three years to 
put in good condition. Five acres in small fruits will produce income 
enough to support a family comfortably; or ten acres in root crops, 
which can be grown to advantage on the same ground with apples, 
pears and prunes. For reaching market we have both wagon roads 
and tide water; two trans-continental railroads and steam and sailing 
vessels to all parts of the world. The sugar prune has been given a 
thorough test here on logged-off land and is a great success, as it does 
not crack open; it is a sure cropper and is certain to add another in- 
dustry to Chehalis county. The higher logged-off lands are well 
adapted to the sheep and goat industry." 

J. O. Wing, R. R. 1, Washougal, Skamania county: 

"As to methods of clearing stump land, wherever the soil will per- 
mit of using the charpit method this is the cheapest, as there is no 
expense except the labor. On land that is not clayey enough to use 
this method the best and cheapest way is to use powder and fire com- 
bined, that is, put in a small shot, just heavy enough to split the 
stump, then fire it; many of them will burn almost out with their own 
wood; this is very much better and cheaper than to undertake to blow 
them out entirely, as this requires a large amount of powder and leaves 
a hole that requires much labor to fill. I have been clearing land in 
this state for 25 years and know this from practical experience." 



Western Washington 63 



Wm. L. Wood, Port Orchard, Kitsap county: 

"In regard to chickens and eggs, will say that 10 acres of land will 
keep a big family, if properly worked. I am an old man, very near 
to 70, and keep 500 chickens, one team of horses, a cow and pigs. I 
am not using half of my place, have plenty of water, and do not have 
to work for anybody. We can raise every kind of garden truck that 
is grown." 

, Puyallup, Pierce county: 

"My land was heavy timber and cost probably $150 per acre to clear. 
It is rich land and will raise anything. I have raised 1% tons of fine 
hops per acre. I have taken out the hops and am building up a good 
dairy herd of Jerseys and Holsteins, as that is more profitable than 
hops now. Some of my neighbors are making a good profit raising 
berries of various kinds and shipping through the association to all 
points. Markets and transportation facilities are good." 

Guy Needham, White Salmon, Klickitat county; size of tract, 166 
acres: 

"Natural state of land is mixed brush and timber, costing on an 
average of $100 per acre to bring it to thorough state of cultivation. 
Ten acres of orchard land is sufficient for one family, both from the 
standpoint of care and from financial returns. Markets are best in 
the world, as fruit can be shipped anywhere by the excellent trans- 
portation facilities, consisting of both water and rail. My experience 
has been that for quick results, the use of dynamite is the most satis- 
factory way for eliminating stumps and obstructions." 

Frank McCokmick, Monroe, Snohomish county; size of tract, 120 
acres: 

"Cost of clearing 5 acres of land that had been logged-off three years 
before; ten hours work per day: 

117 days @ $2.00 per day $234 00 

16 days for one horse @ $1.00 16 00 

17 days for two horses @ $2.00 34 00 

150 lbs. powder @ 8c per lb 12 00 

Total $296 00 

Cost of one acre $59 20 

"I cleared this with a stump puller made on the ground, costing 
$57.63; having fourteen pounds of power to one applied, or 28 pounds 
to one pound applied with one block. I shattered fir stumps with pow- 
der, burnt them to level of ground, then covered with rotten wood and 
dirt mixed; this would burn the center and parts of the root; the bal- 
ance was easily pulled with the stump puller. I merely pulled the 
maple, cedar and hemlock stumps." 



64» Logged-Off Lands 



ESTIMATES BY COUNTY ASSESSORS. 



The following table was compiled from estimates given by 
the various county assessors in response to a request from this, 
department for such information. It must not be supposed that 
absolutely correct figures can be given on the amount of logged- 
off land there is in the state ; for even if it were possible at 
any one time to segregate this kind of land from the other; 
long before such figures could be given to the public, logging 
camps and forest fires, besides the ceaseless efforts of the tireless 
farmer would have totally destroyed their accuracy. However,, 
one is safe in concluding that there is at least as much as is 
estimated, since the above influences tend rather to increase 
than to diminish the amount of such lands. The entire state 
of Washington manufactures each year between three and four 
billion feet of lumber, shingles, and lath; which would suggest 
an annual increase in the logged-off area of upwards of 100,000 
acres; while the average number of acres placed under cultiva- 
tion each year is about one-half of that. Undoubtedly the land 
is being disrobed of its timber far more rapidly than it can be 
cleared and put under the plow. 

San Juan county, although it has much good timber, is 
reported as having no logged-off land whatsoever. In King 
county no segregation is made of this from the other unim- 
proved lands ; although here as in the other counties for which 
no estimate was given, many acres of such lands can be pur- 
chased, and at prices and terms that will conform very reason- 
ably with the financial ability of the average buyer. 

It will be noticed that estimates of the quantity suitable for 
agricultural purposes averages about 60%. The other 40% 
is probably quite mountainous or rocky, and would be useful 
for grazing purposes or for reforestation. 

Where ten acres is suggested as the amount required to 
maintain a family, it is not to be expected that dairying would 
be the chief industry; as it naturally takes more land for this 



Western Washington 



65 



line of work than for general truck farming, fruit raising, 
poultry farms, etc. To make a good living off a small area, 
intensive farming is absolutely necessary. 





Tctal 
number 
of acres, 
exclusive 
of town 
lots 


Acres of 

improved 
lands 


LOGGED-OFF OR BURNT-OEF LANDS 


COUNTIES 


Number 

of 

acres 


Per cent . 
suitable 

for agri- 
culture 


Acres 

sufficient 

for one 

family 


Prices 
per acre 


Chehalis 


820,646 
523,219 
356,212 
593,083 
118,856 
267,878 
784,880 
224,714 
806,914 
906,992 
404,988 
539,755 
653,675 
96,779 
506,380 
211,982 
572,569 
430,160 
148,435 
387,913 


12,727 200,000 
14,796 60,000 
54,064 ! 240,000 
11,866 : 358,870 
10,110 99.942 


50 
80 
70 
75 
60 


10 
40 
40 
10 to 20 
20 


$10 00 


Clallam 


$10 00 

$10 to $100 

$10 to $25 

$15 to $25 


Clarke 




Island 




5,917 
74,680 
9,280 
















75.000 


50 

60 to 75 

50 


20 
10 
40 


$20 00 

$40 to $50 

$5 to $35 


Klickitat 


153,060 26,000 
51,271 181 -398 






10,053 
10,171 
46,424 




Pacific 


15,000 

101,720 

None 


50 
50 


40 
10 to 80 


$10 to $15 
$10 to $25 






Skagit 


54,544 
4,193 

32,118 

22,913 
3,697 

41,839 




















235,000 

150,000 

35,000 

385,000 


50 

40 

40 

100 


20 
40 
40 

40 


$7 to $50 

$7 50 

$8 00 

$10 to $200 






Whatcom 





NOTE— This report pertains only to western Washington. Several eastern Wash- 
ington counties are bountifully supplied with timber and a consequent proportion of 
logged-off area. These counties are Chelan, Eerry, Kittitas, Lincoln, Okanogan, Spo- 
kane and Stevens. 



66 Loggcd-Off Lands 



CONCLUDING STATEMENTS. 



A careful perusal of the foregoing experiences and estimates 
must have revealed to the reader a fair idea of the cost of land, 
expense of clearing, size of tracts and profits accruing there- 
from ; also, some of the problems attendant upon the work of 
getting started in the enterprise. 

The person who has no money must expect to work for others 
until he gets a start, especially if he has a family to support. 
Work of various kinds can be secured in most localities, in log- 
ging camps, lumber mills, canning factories or on the farms. 
Mechanics can often get employment at their trades. The 
average wages paid for unskilled labor is from $2.00 to $2.75 
per day ; skilled labor from $3.50 to $4.50 ; farm hands usually 
get $40 per month and board. 

Not all logged-off land in western Washington is fit for agri- 
culture. The same care should be exercised in choosing a loca- 
tion here as one would take in entering any business enterprise. 
The best plan is for each homeseeker to investigate for himself. 
It is very difficult for one person to choose for another. First 
of all satisfy yourself that you like a certain locality. Remem- 
ber, western Washington comprises over 25,000 square miles of 
territory, extending for a distance of 240 miles north and south 
and an average of 150 miles east and west — twenty times the 
area of the state of Rhode Island. And in spite of general sim- 
ilarity there are necessarily many differences. 

Good unimproved land can be purchased at prices ranging 
from $10 to $50, although in some cases land is sold at even 
as low as $7 to $12, and in other cases as high as $100. Some 
good companies are putting land on the market at very low 
figures, as they want to get the country settled and will give 
every advantage to persons who wish to build up homes. 

In any particular section the land which is closest to a line 



Western Washington 67 

of transportation, as well as waterfront land, will generally 
bring the highest prices. 

After purchasing a piece of land, the best plan is to clear as 
soon as possible a liberal amount of it of everything but the 
stumps. Some have found hogs and goats of material assist- 
ance in accomplishing this. With a fair amount of it cleared to 
this stage, cows and chickens, as well as some garden truck 
raised between the stumps, will give the farmer a fair living 
while he is getting it all completely cleared and ready for the 
plow. 

The work of subduing these unimproved lands cannot be con- 
sidered an easy task, although with proper care and sufficient 
energy the best results are sure to follow their development. 
One must not expect a rapid transition from the stump covered 
land to a highly productive farm. Patience and industry are 
necessary to accomplish that transformation. The ambitious 
farmer, however, will experience a great delight and much satis- 
faction in developing one of these tracts of land, rough looking 
but full of possibilities, into the prosperous productive ranches 
similar to those pictured in other parts of this publication. 



68 



Logged-Off Lands 



U 

o 

u 

pq 

Q 
H 

& 

H 

DQ r-i 

O d >> 

Eh oi w 
<! ^ 2 



Hg 1 

H »7 5 

git 

Q ^ - 

*-< > 

£ fa 



CQ 02 

^ Q 

5 ° 

W CQ 

H 
H 

02 

H 



a 



<5 
WO 



§ 



0Q« 

Is 






go 

wo 
o 



00 °0 © © i-l O l- <N Ol 
t- ■Sfi CO Ift rH © o 



eo oi io io <t-i © o © io c-; -h ( 

^fCi©OC<M©-r<M©< 
CO<£>lftCO-<J<rH001ftCO©( 



E°2 



©P)I50N(MHON(N 



HHMW 



NBMMNINNNHO(Nlrt&NO 00O)IMl> 



rO -* t 00 © 00 1ft IO f< rH © 
. . ."O rH CO CO l- -p <M 00 <M © r-t 

<Mlfl(OI^OftMOIMO>Ob1<HHHO)'*^M 

IO Ift © "* <m"cO CO <N 00~C*f CsTrH pH <N Csfp-T Ift ■* <N t~- 



00 t~ © •* "* 



lft © 1ft © © -* IO O IO C-l © IO IO IO CD IO O © Ift 

fMINfliHriClNCOO'MOOCCMJOainN 
NO) IMINHHIOOJHHOH ^©O CO 



<M©C2<M'*lft©-*< 



UO Ift CO CO 00 CO i-l I 
Ift t~ 1ft M 



'©©©©©© 



pHpH00©C0<MOCM©00C000I>C0C0<NC0t~<M© 



ilftlftlftl01ftC3©C<llft©rH'*Olft©©©00C0 

i000510-*1(d)'MI0 1(N-<1l1<mN-*5HHN 

i«iooo^8)MNOH»ooio»ooMamoo® 



MOOMOOiMCOMOOlOOOINHHOOlOON 
i'*HIOHnOril>OWrlinL'5i5riNWHi 
I- <N l> rH 04 OJ i-l (N rH i 



£So-£ 



TfH CO CO t> CO ( 



'*t>COlftlft00t-t-©i>rHl 



SSScSSco^g'- 



imTiit»sn»H 



lft©lftCO©OrH©©lftlOOOOIftCO©©©©© 
C010t>00t*^'*O(NHOt0r- I O •* CO CO © <» "*l 
CO ■"* rH CO pH rH © rH •"* 00 !M IO Tp <N © CO © 



00<M©00©lftrH©<NlftCOCOlO©©10©CO©© 
NfOlHCfjO^t-QCOt-OOMl p tj O S5 5j S5 

©•^i<MC-ico©i>cooo<M©cc>o^fi-ico©-^coeo 



<N<NCO©t~CO00<M©CO©^P 

refocQpH © ©"© cooToo ■*(> 



©t-CO<Nlft©©IO<N'Ml^rHt^-r©©00©-<*'cp 
■>t IO H © IO CI CO CC — . 'MtNNl-^'Nt'OOlMO 
i-li-ICOi-l CO lOl- pH tR (NN CO 



n 



li 



3 



2 +J .„ rj 



a 



Western Washington 



69 



Eh 

P 

O 

o 

pq 

Q 
H 

p 

Eh 

H 

< s 

II 

c_, o 
P I 

H^ O 

> iH 

Q tf 

H <3 

03 H 

02 >h 

H 

m g 
<< fa 



§2-5 

SS 3 
*3 - 



S3 en *j >"3 

ri 02 rt o "" 



3 



< r 



^ o » 

fin- 

gS - 



n »• i- - 
co — to -m 



io — >o i- i~ a co -r oi i~ u: >o co ~ :o 

•M L~- 0! — ; C! O n T f I" n f 



© « ffl 1 

t-I tj( in 






do a 

II 
is 



. © go £r O " ' "? — ~ ' l ~- l ~- ~*> "■'■ — ' — = ^ ' 



KM^NMHlft'*- 



i-i io w © © tjfi t- O 56 c-i co *0 '^ "O o io o co t- m 

-r: c; ::: l- X oi ~. — i- co 'C " 
- in in ,-h -^ C5 - ■ 



C^6J^iOirt^H-^cSt~coiri^3co?30^C300ca 
MNWHNH <N O i-H t- O-f 'tfl O3HC0 



feSS 



-r' r! ^i J-ri-': ■ 



Onm-*i 



t- CO CO C-J I 



:S^S5§8: 



rH i-l iH CS 



ci^rH^co^o -*<ns> : go^ :^wg 



(M -^ N -* IN (N 00 II ®tO 15 
t— i-l riNriCO CO CO 
(M <M lO 



P4 

to 



n ^i i* -c i; ri — cv c —i t- — -- co co ' o © oi -* m os 
co ;s © — co — l~ : : i - ~ - - j. i - i - — s ■ - —i o <n 

"*OWa6»MOt>OOQHrlNOUHt-WO TH 



1-H CO IO i-H IC i— i Tt< 



ION-* CO (M O 



ol 

I* 



c :: i- :- — co ;r. t-. c: co ^ » 
"C :: :: X 1 — l- i^ :- cc '» — i— 



ol CO -* © J 

IN tS LT M : 



C5 
x ^ ^ 



^ 



SI 

H 

1^ 



so 



LcowMooooMiaoi 

LQ <M 00 CS CO r-H> O^"* "* S3 J 



t- CJ5 -* CO 
t~ (M CO t- 

IO « N ^" 



IScJOOOlMt-Cit-HtO^aciO^OOLOM 
INON'J'lOOO^raOMCNHb^NOSWl' 
riHNH IO i-Hi-l (M (N WH <N 



CO35OllSl©(Nt»Stl000 1.'5L'5c)Oin'flOlO 

'X c^ Ti co s ~ — co cr; oi — --. c- X i ■;:: = 

i-- 30 n c o •? ci o c c k ^ i: » oi i^ 00 co t-h 



co s. IT- i- oi oi cc ".- ~i ~ ~ r- -- — — 

IO IS CO LO CO CO I" r ~r- 1-. Ol 01 CTi CO Ol r-( •»»< CT5 in CO 

€©- rH CO i-l i-H <N <M 



ci - c x x ; ci co io ■ 

— — £• IE s, ~ -r CO 00 t~ CO 

i— o a x --5 -o © co - 



c-: qe e CO H ol O 0J 

. . f !■- s: — cj l- l- cci 

i— cr. ~ x co s. co i- c; i~ 



I t- CM CNlt- i-H rH CO i-l in © -* CM i 



a)^Hin-t<©t-i>i-ooi©cocococr>-rr©Qeoin© 

lo h n o c h t x i - -r a5 2 c; X l O O « N o t^ 



in-fCOi-'COi-oin©t--©t-cocc;io©C-foico© ■<*< 

CO Cl !N 19 H H M COCOr-IOJt- Ol ^f^f l5|l> 



-= == "Z > = - t v - ~ r ■- -^ -J' — - = 

m -—I ^ C ^" -^ .^- .^- -— w " J ^3 .Z- id _V _^ rl ~- 



^^ 



70 



Loggcd-Off Lands 



a 

c - 



a .o 
zz*t ^E feu co 
,J -c o « bq S r M 
>» • .0-2 u .1 
"S . og-g 73 






S§ "He's 






p^^ 






^ o .2 « £ 

P^ >££ 3 

o3S«°g 

<j ^ W ^ S <i 
dw'dw'wi-j" 



ii 

c3 9 

^ 3 

.•a 



WOO . 

. S 

a © s 



a 
aJSg 

• i>o -o 

oPhco • H 
.o o b 



<V 0) 9 

a =- u 

S t i 

S£S 
£££ 

888 



a 
a* 

O 3 



oooso 



t-L t- - — 

o o 3 






886<S8S8<* 



GO 



EE 

se 

o c 



ooo 



■og-a 



"3 « 

(h p., 

« — 

aa 
aa 

C 

DC 



,_-p~ o_ 

_2 5 .03 g # cS 

^ „ t-l 9 Sh 

agags 

££££.£ 
c .3 o p o 

OOOCO 



a^a^ 

O 3 O 3 
0505 

OS O^ 
«->'? h| 

s|s| 

cs £ cs £ 

s: ox: o 
ODOD 



c 

o 02 
> aa 

X><! g 

E.-3.E 

03 p m 



ACS 



3 '3 "5 
« « 0} 

aaa 
aaa 
000 

000 



.2.5 

'3 "3 
u u 
9 a> 

aa 
aa 

o o 

00 



a 

ax>x>x> 
0333 

°6oo 

O 03 03 03 

[_, '3 '3 '3 
3 *-c *h ^ 
J*, 9 a 9 

'iaaa 
saaa 

.3 O O O 

OOOD 



-a 
3 

5 
a 

5.3 

oO 

££ 



65 



0J QJ 

££ 
££ 
o o 

GO 



- = 

Pn 



> 00 O I> Op C5 © CO CI 51 Hi 00 Cl 1-1 Ol fc- LO <M O -tf -* <M -* i-H o 



= 
o 

w 08 O 

5 x x : 



M <y 3 






l-H 00 



iH iH !-<<N <N 



o cs: 



•~ CJ.M'^-'r-.S; 3^ 3^ 02 — -3 fl^;3 ei c .3 O 0.3.3^< 9 ^T C-S C' G >ajS 



II 

w o 
' bfl bC'S oJOrtX! £x:x! bfl"5 



O 



c 

|liiIIli5liSa6ll§llli«?||gIiaSiS6'8«*- - 

; = ^ ; -.^- : : : : r. ^ ^ r - j: : c c sts > s, S oj o t<s o fc^ t» «•; £i si k p.* 3 5 5 



ass 



<U 03 : ". . . . »^33 . . fl , 

"3 pH 3 a ■ • r. ' • — 2 « ' • 3 



3525 



Western Washington 



71 



a-J 

O c3 
O.H 



o5 
d=3 



• . . >> •§ • . 



O Sfi 4) Cj fl . o 






5S.2S 

s^sa 



° ,2 

.; 03 •'O 

Woww 



U C H 

«idtf 

odd 



S3 
S3 

c o 
03 



2 

a 

c 

3 3 3 

53 soo 



03 03 3 S3 Cl 

ssosa 
as-s.ss 

oosoo 
QO>OU 



O 0.0,0 -p 
3 g 3 3£ 

3 J? C3 c3 
?»'3?c3 



a sss-s 



o3o 

3 C 3 

5°3 



3 = 3 
2 = 3 

ox; o 



a 

a 

R&& go 

^ 3 3 g 3 

« «!s 2!a 

j_, 03 03 S 3 

«ss«a 
.s a a % a 

C3QO.-0 

fioooo 






~ 03 03 03 

?aaa 
sa aa 

o o o o 
fflOOO 



aooo 

O 3 3 3 

°oSo 

•_, "3 '3 '3 

_o 03 03 03 

gaas 
laaa 

X! O O O 

oooo 



3 
fell 

3 33« 

555^ 

!s !s is S 

'3 '3 '3 g 

03 03 03 Q< 

saa° 
aaa£ 

O O O 03 

OOOfl 



sas 

ias 

) O C3 



l- ffl a re 
n*Sh 
t— Ci t— ■* 1 



1 i-h -* -* o o ua e> 

1 00 -O -r i* -r h 00 
1 1— co its -p r- co i— 



00 l-H CO ' 



^ — — 



:c3c3mo3 : m ^ S & S » « -S :o303 

SMS&SB ~.~E~%~z 5.2.2.2 
MOO^P4MHMOM£mKP4MP4Ph 



• .5 .2 a 

a a © 

•3 ^2.5 5 = 5.2 §«* 5- -2-2 3S.S3i3*3- 



PHh-lOO 



-/. .- c- 

w 3 2 

"3 3 r 

cj~ * 

^ = = = -33 

-3: « "3 to c — ;f < O =h 2 £j g G 
"? -if - >.— "3 — "? i i "? "3 >■ >>"S >>"§ 



fe: 33^a£o2o 

^ 3 C 3 =3^^ O O m 

oR°2E-~'^ 



x ■/. /. xHxiijjkkj; 






r<r<riS>P=£ £^> 







y\ 




M 




?r? 



WASMJQW'TOW 




i, in ElW 



B 



c ■...'- 



Sfc> 





















& f/L ■■ ^ ^ ' !i * ' i t3 


iVu 


l^R-^B 




wt?f 




I 


'' , ~i'' 










' : i ' 



^^ 



fz 



m~$ 









i 1,'i 




12 D 'II 



___ 



STATE OF WASHINGTON 

The Logged- Off Lands 



OF 



Western Washington 

By H. F. GILES, Deputy commissioner 




Published by 
BUREAU OF STATISTICS AND IMMIGRATION 

I. M. HOWELL. Secretary op State 

EX-OFFICIO COMMISSIONER 






LIBRARY 




H 

HH HH 

W MS E 1 Hm 



ir 






hhSBHT 






I ,..'! I ■■■ 



■■■■I 



— « 

■ 
11 If III 



■ 



HHHB 

H 



